A new study from the University of Toronto identifies three key factors linked to good mental health in older adults. The findings were published in the journal PLOS One on April 12, 2026.
Researchers analyzed data from over 2,000 respondents aged 65 and up from Statistics Canada’s 2022 Mental Health and Access to Care Survey. They were investigating what constitutes “complete mental health,” a state defined by the absence of psychiatric disorders, frequent happiness or life satisfaction, and frequent social and psychological well-being.
“Our findings shift the conversation away from mental illness alone and toward understanding what helps older adults truly flourish,” said first study author and Ph.D. candidate Daniyal Rahim.
The study highlighted three main factors associated with achieving this state of complete mental health.
Strong social connections were a major factor. Older adults who were married or reported strong social support were more likely to experience complete mental health. In fact, having social support doubled the odds.
“Social relationships appear to be a cornerstone of mental well-being in later life,” said study co-author Shannon Halls. She added that reliable social support can buffer against stress and promote resilience.
Good physical health was another critical component. Adults who rated their physical health as fair or better and reported no chronic pain, sleep problems, or limitations in daily activities had better mental health outcomes. The study also noted that rural living was more strongly associated with complete mental health than urban living.
Finally, a strong sense of spirituality played an important role. Participants who said religion or spirituality was important in their daily lives were much more likely to achieve complete mental health.
“Spiritual beliefs may help older adults cope with adversity by providing meaning, hope, and a sense of community,” said study co-author and epidemiologist Ying Jiang.
The researchers hope the findings can lead to more targeted interventions, such as social programs or pain-management support, to improve mental health for aging populations. The study underscores that elements like physical health, community engagement, and personal spirituality are accessible areas for people of any age to consider for their well-being.
The research provides a broader view of mental health in later life, moving beyond just the absence of illness to include positive measures of life satisfaction and social wellness. This approach aligns with a growing understanding of holistic health care for older adults, considering their social environments and personal beliefs as integral to their overall mental state.
